Key Topics Covered

• Core Architecture: Covers the Three-level ANSI-SPARC architecture and the importance of physical and logical data independence.

• Data Modeling: Detailed explanation of the Entity-Relationship (ER) Model, Enhanced ER (EER), and Object-Oriented database models.

• Relational Databases: Deep dive into Relational Algebra, Relational Calculus, and SQL (including DDL, DML, and view definition).

• Database Design: Focuses on functional dependencies and Normalization (from 1NF to BCNF) to reduce data redundancy.

• Storage & Indexing: Explores physical storage media, RAID technology, and file organization techniques like B-trees and hashing.

• Transaction Management: Detailed study of concurrency control, database recovery systems, and security protocols.